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Coleston, D.M., Hindmarch, I. Possible
Memory-Enhancing Properties of Vinpocetine. Drug Dev. Res.,
14, 191-193 (1988)
Szilagyi G, Nagy Z, Balkay L, Boros I,
Emri M, Lehel S, Marian T, Molnar T, Szakall S, Tron L,
Bereczki D, Csiba L, Fekete I, Kerenyi L, Galuska L, Varga
J, Bonoczk P, Vas A, Gulyas B.
Effects of vinpocetine on the redistribution
of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in chronic
ischemic stroke patients: a PET study.
J Neurol
Sci. 2005 Mar 15;229-230:275-84. Epub 2005 Jan 8.
Shows ability of vinpocetine to
specifically increase blood flow to the brain, and increase
energy consumption by the brain
Pereira CA, Agostinho P, Moreira PI,
Duarte AI, Santos MS, Oliveira CR[Neuroprotection
strategies: Effect of Vinpocetine in vitro Oxidative Stress
Models.]
Acta Med Port.
2003 Nov-Dec;16(6):401-406. Epub 2003 Dec 1. Portuguese.
Shows ability of Vinpocetine to slow
the damage to neurons caused by neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer's.
Sitges M, Nekrassov V.
- Vinpocetine prevents
4-aminopyridine-induced changes in the EEG, the auditory
brainstem responses and hearing.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Dec;115(12):2711-7.
Concludes vinpocetine may have
possible benefits in the treatment of epilepsy.
Sitges M, Galvan E, Nekrassov V.
Vinpocetine blockade of sodium channels inhibits the rise in
sodium and calcium induced by 4-aminopyridine in
synaptosomes.
Neurochem Int.
2005 Jun;46(7):533-40.
Vereshchagin VK.
[Effect of vinpocetine on cerebral circulation in rats after
exposure to radiation]
Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2003 Sep-Oct;66(5):14-6. Russian.
Another study showing the ability of
vinpocetine to increase blood flow to and energy consumption
by brain tissue.
Gulyas B, Halldin C, Vas A, Banati RB,
Shchukin E, Finnema S, Tarkainen J, Tihanyi K, Szilagyi G,
Farde L. [11C]vinpocetine: a
prospective peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand for
primate PET studies.
J Neurol
Sci. 2005 Mar 15;229-230:219-23. Epub 2004 Dec 16.
Shows vinpocetine may directly affect
the function of nervous tissue.
Vas A, Christer H, Sovago J, Johan S,
Cselenyi Z, Kiss B, Karpati E, Lars F, Gulyas B.
[Human positron emission tomography with oral
11C-vinpocetine]
Orv
Hetil. 2003 Nov 16;144(46):2271-6. Hungarian.
Demonstrates ability of vinpocetine to
enter the bloodstream and ultimately the "blood-brain
barrier" when given by mouth.
McDaniel MA, Maier SF, Einstein GO.
"Brain-specific" nutrients: a memory cure?
Nutrition. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(11-12):957-75. Review.
Summarizes ability of vinpocetine to
increase brain blood flow, and slow neurological
degeneration.
Shows the ability of phosphatidylserine
to slow the effects on neurons caused by aging as well as
help restore normal memory function.
Reviews ability acetyl-L-carnitine to
reverse decline in neuron membrane receptors due to age.
Hadjiev D.
Asymptomatic ischemic cerebrovascular disorders and
neuroprotection with vinpocetine.
Ideggyogy Sz.
2003 May 20;56(5-6):166-72. Review.
Review of vinpocetine's ability to
protect neurons, especially in those at risk of ischemic
stroke.
Pillich RT, Scarsella G, Risuleo G.
Reduction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway by
the administration of acetyl-l-carnitine to mouse
fibroblasts in culture.
Exp Cell Res.
2005 May 15;306(1):1-8.
Discusses Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC)
ability to lower cell "death" rates as well as studies the
ability of ALC to increase production of new cells.
Szegedi A, Kohnen R, Dienel A, Kieser M.
Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with
hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised
controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus
paroxetine. British Medical Journal 2005 Feb.
Kasper S, Dienel A. Cluster analysis of symptoms during
antidepressant treatment with Hypericum extract in mildly to
moderately depressed out-patients. A meta-analysis of data
from three randomized, placebo-controlled trials.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002 Nov;164(3):301-8.
Schulz V. Clinical trials with hypericum extracts in
patients with depression--results, comparisons, conclusions
for therapy with antidepressant drugs. Phytomedicine 2002
Jul;9(5):468-74.
Lecrubier Y, Clerc G, Didi R, Kieser M. Efficacy of St.
John's wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: a
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2002
Aug;159(8):1361-6.
Friede M, Henneicke von Zepelin HH,
Freudenstein J. Differential therapy of mild to moderate
depressive episodes (ICD-10 F 32.0; F 32.1) with St. John's
wort. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001 Jul;34 Suppl 1:S38-41.
An Italian Study conducted in 1992 on subjects aged 22-27
showed those taking Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC) for 30 days had
improvement in scores on complex video game tests.
These included large increases in speed of Learning, speed
of reaction and reduction in errors, compared to those
taking placebo.
Kohjimoto Y, Ogawa T, Matsumoto M,
Shirakawa K, Kuwaki T, Yasuda H, Anami K, Fujii T, Satoh H,
Ono T.
Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on the brain lipofuscin content and
emotional behavior in aged rats.
Jpn J
Pharmacol. 1988 Nov;48(3):365-71.
Shows ability of Acetlyl-L-Carnitine to
decrease lipofuscin (an undesirable, harmful buildup) in the
brain. Further demonstrates a slowing of age-related
loss of certain emotional activities in rats.
Kaur J, Sharma D, Singh R.
Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase
glutathione-S-transferase and multiple unit activity and
reduces lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration in
aged rat brain regions.
Neurosci Lett.
2001 Mar 23;301(1):1-4.
Demonstrates ability of
Acetlyl-L-Carnitine (ALC) to decrease lipofuscin (an
undesirable, harmful buildup) in the brain and
decrease "lipid peroxidation" (which causes damage to nerve
cells and blood vessels).
Also shows ability of ALC to increase
Multiple Unit Activity (MUA is the number of nerve cells in
a given region of the brain which are being stimulated and
used. In other words, a higher level of MUA means
higher level of brain activity.)
Indicates that ALC can increase levels
of Glutathione
S-transferase (GST). GST
is directly involved with removing cancer causing
substances from the body.
Also shows ALC to increase activity of
Na(+), K(+) (Also known as sodium potassium adenosine
triphosphatase or "ATPase"). This is also directly
involved in removing harmful substances from the body.
Esposti D, Mariani M, Demartini G, Lucini
V, Fraschini F, Mancia M.
Modulation of melatonin secretion by acetyl-L-carnitine in
adult and old rats.
J Pineal Res.
1994 Oct;17(3):132-6.
Indicates that ALC can significantly
increase melatonin levels in the body.
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